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Many asterisks involved for Spain. And some even for Rome!

One major Roman legal concept was the right to marry Roman citizens. Now, this didn’t mean that Roman citizens and non-citizens without this right couldn’t shack up - they could and very often did. But if they entered into a marriage without this right, their children would not be citizens - making the acquisition of that right very important. Only some non-citizens were granted this right.

… of course, this could be gotten around pretty easily if the Roman citizen in the citizen-noncitizen relationship was the woman, simply by refusing to declare who the father was. By Roman law, a child with an unknown father and a citizen mother was a citizen, and Roman law made no provision for disputing the parentage of children born out of wedlock.

That being said, the Romans did believe that making Romans out of locals (or at least some of them) was both possible and desirable. SHOW YOU ARE WORTHY, AND YOU WILL RISE HIGH IN THE REPUBLIC

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